A Magna Carta for America

Refreshing the Magna Carta for America¹

“The democratic aspiration is no mere recent phase in human history … It was written in Magna Carta.”  —Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941 Inaugural address

1. We believe that truth is morally central in our personal and public lives. There can be neither justice nor democracy without truth. The People have a right to truth from those in public office.

2. We believe that nobody, not even one of the very highest status, is above the law. Any notion of “sovereign immunity” provided in law for those in positions of public trust applies to what they do with honor in the course of their duties but not to any criminal conduct in which they may engage.

3. We call for all of those holding public positions, most especially those in executive, legislative, or judicial roles, to be required to desist from all conflicts of interests and all appearance of such and to desist, under penalty of perjury, from false official statements. Placing partisan allegiance above duty is a conflict of interests.

4. We hold that the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is essential for all the other rights guaranteed by the First Amendment. We reject the idea that the United States is a “Christian nation,” and we reject the idea that any nation, state, or locality should have a religious identity in law. We hold that, always and everywhere, religious coercion is abuse and should never legitimately be seen as free exercise.

5. We hold that individual medical privacy² is among the most important of the unenumerated rights under the U.S. Constitution. We hold that rights under the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and historical rights in English law and U.S. law from the time of the statutory English Magna Carta of 1297 that remain reasonably applicable today are also unenumerated rights.

6. We hold that provisions in federal, state, and local laws lacking clear secular purpose³ must be regarded legally as religious in nature and therefore unconstitutional under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

7. We believe that every human being on our planet is our neighbor deserving of justice and our respect.

8. We believe that every human being is entitled to basic essentials for survival: food, clothing, shelter, health care, and education.

9. We stand against oppression based on race, color, creed, ethnic origin, national origin, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, ability, age, or difference, and we call for all non-criminal strangers to be treated with welcome while in our land.

10. We call for leaders at all levels to learn once again to work together, particularly toward economic imperatives, economic justice for all, and equal opportunity for all.

11. We hold that judicial interpretation of the law may not extend so far as to be tantamount to the writing of new law. We believe that Congress should provide for accountability of the U.S. federal judiciary.

12. We call for reason in the interpretation of the law, including the U.S. Constitution: Where the meaning of the text is plain and applicable to the context at hand, that meaning should govern. Beyond that an interpretive construction of the text, including the widely discernible history of legislative intent, to which all can agree by force of reason should govern. Consistent with the above, judicial precedent must be honored.

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Footnotes

1. * Version of January 8, 2025. There is a PDF version for printing (8.5x11 inches).
2. * Medical privacy is required by the Oath of Hippocrates.
3. * Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 US 602 (1971)

Remembering Civil Rights Champion Alice Green

Remembering Civil Rights Champion Alice Green: Paul Grondahl remembers Albany’s social justice icon.

Disturbances in the Force Ahead for Wordle

Comment on Wordle No. 943

January 19, 2024

Some of you may recall that I wrote software that can play Wordle, the online game owned by and housed at The New York Times. At the outset such software must know what words are accepted by Wordle as guesses and what words might be used as the solution in a game. Thus, the software must employ two word lists.

There is one game every day. The first game in history (before acquisition by The New York Times) was conducted online June 19, 2021. Yesterday (January 18, 2024) was the day of game no. 943. As that game is over, I may reveal its solution, which was "stole". My favorite first guess is the word "roate". After making that guess yesterday, I saw this:

R

O

A

T

E

It's relative rare for me to determine three of the five letters with my first guess. My software, using a list of what I think are words that might reasonably appear as solutions, reported that the possible solutions among the words on my list were "stoke", "stole", "stone", "stove", and "those". At first glance it appears that I have a 20% chance of guessing correctly on my second guess by picking one of those 5 words at random. But I can dig deeper. For each of those words I can hypothesize that that word is the solution, use any one of the words as a guess for that solution, and find the number of words that would still be in play. In this way I can determine for each of those words as a guess the number of words still in play following that word as a guess, and select for my next guess a word for which the number of words still in play is minimum. With this example -- and using my word lists -- each of the four words beginning with 's' is a better second guess than the word "those".

There are two further wrinkles, one helpful and one not helpful. The unhelpful wrinkle is that the solution may not be on the list of words that I imagine as possible solutions. For that list I had a good start because the early game of Wordle had semi-public lists of allowed guesses and possible solutions. As time went by, the list of allowed guesses was significantly expanded but remained semi-public. But the list of possible solutions dropped out of semi-public sight, and, more to the point, there have been four solutions over time -- in games 646 (guano), 659 (snafu), 720 (balsa), and 730 (kazoo) -- that were not on the early list of possible solutions.

The helpful wrinkle is that up through today -- game 944 -- no word has been used as a solution more than once. Quite obviously, unless Wordle is discontinued before, say, its 10th anniversary in 2031, sole use solutions cannot continue forever.

Why do I call that a helpful wrinkle? I expect that the Wordle editor at the New York Times is aware of the history of sole use and is aware that at some point sole use must be discontinued. But for the meanwhile a player can gain advantage by assuming that sole use is still in effect. With game 943 the assumption of sole use narrows the list of 5 words in play to 2, "stoke" and "stole", which means that a random second guess among those has a 50% chance of being correct.

One more example. Suppose the first guess is "least". Then

L

E

A

S

T

That is a remarkably lucky guess yielding 4 letters. The words in play -- using my list of possible solutions -- are "steel", "stole", and "style". The "deeper dig" procedure flags "stole" and "style" as optimal second guesses, but assuming sole use, there is only one optimal second guess, which is "stole".

Yellow vs. Green in "Wordle"

For Wordle haven't we always thought that green was better than yellow?

I find it rather strange that this scored word

S

L

I

M

Y

matches a single word on the purported official list of 2315 possible secret words in original Wordle, but this scoring of the same word

S

L

I

M

Y

matches a dozen.

A Puzzle

This is a Wordle-like puzzle. You are looking at a word evaluated the way Wordle evaluates words. With this one evaluated word you should have all the information you need to deduce the secret word.

A

D

I

E

U

I've posted several of these on Facebook. The thing is that I create the evaluated word in HTML using HTML's ability to provide background coloring. But Facebook seems not to want to accept the snippet of HTML. So I've been posting screenshots of the HTML there. The question as I write this is whether Blogger will accept the HTML for an evaluated word.

It seems to work here. Well, almost. The HTML is coded so that the squares containing the letters should all have the same width, as well as the same height. I guess it's close enough.

From the System Manual

VERB(1) VERB(1)

NAME

verb — Convert any noun to a verb

SYNOPSIS

verb [ -a ] [ -d dictionary ] word

DESCRIPTION

verb generates a dictionary entry for any English noun located in the dictionary as an English verb. By default the dictionary is the system dictionary.

With the -a switch the generated dictionary entry is entered in the dictionary if the user has write permission for the dictionary. Normally the system is configured so that members of the group sysdict have write permission for the system dictionary.

With the -d switch the specified dictionary is used instead of the system dictionary.

EXAMPLES

Generate a dictionary entry for the noun “street” as a verb:

verb street

To perform an action that involves a street. E.g., “Honey, did you remember to street the garbage?”

SEE ALSO

american-english(1), adjective(1), adverb(1), conjunction(1), english-english(1), expletive(1), expletive-deleted(1), grammar(5), noun(1), preposition(1), syntax(1), sysdict(1), sysdict(5), sysdict-daemon(8)

BUGS

There is no guarantee that system dictionary verb entries generated by verb are correct.

Words with Many Anagrams

Of course, the question of what words are the (single-word) anagrams of other words depends on having a reference list of all words. For this purpose I am using a list of 466,378 words gathered over time. The list has grown by about one-third over the last few years. Some of the additions are actually new words such as covid. On the other hand, I have the impression that many of the added words may be viewed as misspellings of standard words that have come into use. For example abcess appears now to be in use as an alternate spelling of abscess. Other words on the list are archaic spellings of standard words. Regardless, my list may not be regarded as definitive in any way. The following table lists by rows all words having 11 or more anagrams. The first column contains the common length of the words in that row, and the second column gives the number of words in the row.

5	11	adret ardet dater derat detar drate rated tarde tared trade tread
5	11	airts arist astir raits sitar stair stria tarsi tiars tisar trias
5	11	akers asker eskar kaser kesar rakes reaks reask saker sekar skear
5	11	almes amsel lames leams males meals melas mesal salem samel selma
5	11	apert apter parte pater peart petar prate preta taper terap trape
5	11	arles arsle earls laers lares laser lears rales reals seral slare
5	11	armet artem marte mater merat metra ramet tamer terma trame trema
5	11	aspen napes neaps panes panse peans penas snape sneap spane spean
5	11	enols lenos losen noels noles nosel nosle olsen selon slone solen
5	11	ertop opter petro poret porte poter prote repot tepor toper trope
5	12	abest abets baste bates beast beats besat betas esbat estab sebat tabes
5	12	agron angor argon garon goran grano groan nagor orang organ rogan ronga
5	12	caret carte cater cerat certa crate creat creta ecart react recta trace
5	12	epris espri peris piers presi pries prise ripes siper speir spier spire
5	14	acost actos ascot atocs catso coast coats costa octas scoat tacos tacso tasco tosca
5	14	elaps lapse leaps lepas pales peals pelas pleas salep saple sepal slape spale speal
5	15	acers acres arces cares carse caser ceras cesar crase escar races sacre scare scrae serac
5	15	apers apres asper pares parse pears peras prase presa rapes reaps repas spaer spare spear
5	15	erste ester estre reest reset reste retes steer stere stree teers teres terse trees tsere
5	15	inest inset neist niste nites seint senit senti sient snite stein stine tiens tines tsine
5	17	astel laste lates least leats salet satle setal slate stael stale steal stela taels tales teals tesla
5	19	arest arets artes aster astre earst rates reast resat serta stare stear strae tares tarse taser tears teras treas
6	11	agrest gaster gaters graste grates greats resgat retags stager strage targes
6	11	aidmen amined daimen damine demain dieman dimane maiden mained median medina
6	11	arrest arrets astrer rarest raster raters sartre starer tarres terras treasr
6	11	capers casper crapes escarp pacers parsec recaps scarpe scrape secpar spacer
6	11	enters ernest nester renest rentes resent streen strene tenser ternes treens
6	11	nestor noster noters rontes sterno stoner strone tenors tensor toners trones
6	11	palest palets pastel peltas petals plaste plates pleats septal staple tepals
6	12	estrin inerts insert inters niters nitres sinter sterin strein strine triens trines
6	12	hepars phares phaser phrase raphes seraph shaper sharpe sherpa shrape sphaer sphear
6	13	aretes asteer easter eastre eaters reates reseat saeter seater staree steare teaser teresa
6	17	alerts alters artels estral laster lastre rastle ratels relast resalt salter slater staler stelar strale talers tarsel
7	11	angries earings erasing gainers graines reagins regains reginas searing seraing seringa
7	11	aridest asterid astride diaster disrate restiad setarid staider staired tardies tirades
7	11	atenism estamin etamins inmates inmeats insteam mainest manties samnite tameins tamines
7	11	cantier centiar ceratin certain citrean creatin cretian crinate nacrite nectria tacrine
7	11	parties pastier piaster piastre pietras pirates praties raspite spirate tapiser traipse
7	12	easting eatings gainest gainset genista ingates ingesta seating signate tangies teasing tsigane
7	12	estrous oestrus ousters sestuor sourest souters stoures toruses tousers trouses trousse tussore
7	14	anestri antsier asterin eranist nastier ratines resiant restain retains retinas retsina stainer starnie stearin
9	11	actioners anoretics atroscine certosina creations narcotise ostracine reactions secration tinoceras tricosane